Legalization Of Marijuana Essays (1769 words) - Herbalism

Sanctioning Of Marijuana Sanctioning of Marijuana Maryjane is the dried bloom bunches and leaves of the hemp plant when taken to instigate happiness. Pot has been in presence for a considerable length of time even Magellan talked about it during his excursion to India. In his log he talked about a plant that you smoked that made a man alcoholic without drinking. Pot would be useful whenever authorized in light of the fact that it would get additional cash, it has clinical utilizations, hemp is perhaps the best material on the planet and on normal it is more advantageous for you then brew or alcohol. The old money yield of the Americas was tobacco in todays world it is pot. More cannabis is moved into and out of this nation at a higher rate then tobacco. Starting a year ago there were 1,147,591 of held onto weed by the United States Coast Guard. In the event that the normal cost of a pound of pot were just fifteen hundred dollars that would put the cost at 1,721,386,500 when the GNP (Gross National Product) for year 2,000 is anticipated at 17 billion. On the off chance that pot were really a charged decent at the typical pace of five percent that would put the cost up to 1,807,455,825 it would take the cost up a sum of one hundred million dollars. Not exclusively would the sanctioning get all the more then nine percent of the GNP. It would take the measure of medication managing and illegal tax avoidance because of managing down. With this abatement in wrongdoing the cash spent on police could be put to more readily utilize. The police could invest more energy in attempting to understand violations, for example, murders or burglary. Despite the fact that in another zone there would need to be a particular police unit to manage these new stores. The protection rate would likewise be cosmically high because of break-ins and the expense of the product being sold. In spite of the fact that even now there are stores that do sell smoking adornments. I mean who sincerely would smoke tobacco through a water bong. Ive never met an individual who smokes tobacco through anything aside from a Sherlock pipe. These stores have been around for quite a while and nothing incredibly terrible has ever transpired. There simply one more sort of store that can be burdened and put its offer towards GNP. This is every one of the a store that sold cannabis would do be burdened and brings a lot of the GNP. How might it not be right to authorize it? At the point when this would acquire a colossal bit of cash to the US and put a huge area of street pharmacists unemployed. Likewise the therapeutic uses are humongous. While maryjane executes definitely nobody headache medicine slaughters up to one thousand individuals for each year and other physician recommended drugs murder up to twenty 7,000 individuals a year#. Additionally cannabis has been demonstrated to bring down the danger of malignancy and they show a lower pace of disease then non-users#. Clinical pot has been appeared to ease the manifestations that no other professionally prescribed medication has had the option to do. The utilizations that it has the potential are astounding nothing else can contrast with it aside from perhaps penicillin. There is an astonishing business sector for new clinical medications the improvement as well as the quest for the all-stunning marvel tranquilize still proceeds. Cannabis could be this medication on the off chance that it was given an opportunity like each other medication it may astound individuals yet rather individuals attempt to disregard it when it has such huge numbers of parts of it. Smoking pot has been demonstrated to be the most catalyst strategy for use in therapeutically needs.# From the start individuals hear the world legitimization and they consequently think smoking some pot. However there are numerous other#r viewpoints and motivations to authorize it. For one there are numerous utilizations for hemp. It is probably the most grounded rope at any point made it is less expensive then ordinary rope and its quicker to make. Hemp can likewise be utilized really taking shape of material. Hemp delivers an amazingly rough material item that can be utilized to make shirts and jeans. These items would be less expensive underway and deal, being the tough sturdy texture it is they would likely last longer then ordinary garments.

Introduction to project management (Project Proposal) Essay

Prologue to extend the executives (Project Proposal) - Essay Example I decide to be a facilitator to accentuate that the wellspring of â€Å"knowledge and experiences† and the aptitudes used doesn't originate from me however from the focused on bunch themselves. This will help their trust in what they do, cause them to perform better and offer support worth what the customer is paying for. It is our Christian pledge to support the old, widows, and those that are enduring monetarily (low salary workers). It is likewise our social duty as individuals from the network to enable them. We need to make them see that they are undiscovered assets that can be used under a salary creating action that is economical, financially savvy, simple to oversee. Under this movement the encounters and information on the old will be a fine asset for experimental writing. They will be allowed the chance to recount to their accounts, their fantasies and heritages. This will fill their days with reason and delight of recalling and think back. The labor to encode and send them to independent composing destinations will be an errand for the low salary workers. This whole plan will be under a gathering â€Å"job† supplier that will make portrayals with the independent composing locales and will likewise get installment. For us to work and give within recent memory and assets, we must be fo cused on the reason. For just with responsibility comes enthusiasm to try sincerely and finish the task till the end. Along these lines, as a Christian and as a Member of the network, I call upon you to contribute your undeniable gifts into this action will help individuals in

Software Engineering CW4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Programming Engineering CW4 - Essay Example In the building area, fire security has stayed an exceptionally basic endeavor with respect to any extend started in the contemporary world. As per Casey and Grant (2008), the dangers presented by flames in the present occasions, keeps on making a genuine test builds over the whole calling. The necessity of control measures to fire flare-ups turns into a basic endeavor in the development of structures. Along these lines, Fire and Security Alarm Monitoring (FASAM) has a more noteworthy job in the building ventures. Fire wellbeing, stays a key worry for some architects and prompts the commencement of fire security components in the undertakings framing a center part in their usage (Garis and Clare 2012). This is directed by differing difficulties radiating from the fire concerns. The necessities for putting out fires types of gear like fire quenchers proves to be useful and are exceptionally basic in this unique situation. Further, the establishment of a robotized fire security stays f undamental in guaranteeing fire wellbeing inside sweeping structures. As indicated by NICET (2010), the comprehension of different kinds of alarms framework shapes an essential idea in the fire control. The development and advancement of fire wellbeing detailing programming could be named as the start of building up a Fire and Security Alarm Monitoring (FASAM) framework. The advancement of robotized framework could basically give colossal help to the security of fire inside structures or modern premises. This paper targets taking a gander at the objectives and standards supporting the FASAM in programming building just as the accomplishments figured it out. 2.0. Objectives and Principles of Software Engineering with respect to FASAM 2.1. Objectives The robotized Fire and Security Alarm Monitoring framework should accomplish a few authoritative objectives in managing the dangers presented by fire, and other security worries inside huge structures. The principle operational objectives of building up the computerized framework spin around guaranteeing that the security dangers become dealt with in an auspicious and proficient way (Schwalbe 2005). Among the central worries that may guarantee convenient reaction, incorporate guaranteeing the included people stay arranged for sudden events. Readiness of the included people will be guaranteed through the data accumulated from the framework consistently. The fundamental objectives which the FASAM framework ought to accomplish include: Providing definite data concerning the security of the structure to the applicable specialists associated with security the executives. Actuating security and alarms, in case of a wellbeing danger, happening inside the concerned structure. Putting away the data in regards to day by day events inside the structure that may help included people in improving the security inside the structure. 2.2. Fundamental Principles According to Pressman (2005), the product improvement process follows t he predetermined essential standards used being developed of programming inside the product designing calling. The used standards oversee the calling where improvement of new projects includes thinking of frameworks planned for performing obligations recently performed physically. The advancement of this FASAM framework will characteristically include the change of the

Market government organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Market government association - Essay Example The three banks that have most seaward records are UBS, Credit Suisse and Goldman Sachs. While US, UK and Germany are doing a lot to bring to line the rebel charge dodgers, increasingly compelling strategy change and tough disciplines must be instituted to advance straightforwardness and forestall tax avoidance. Straightforwardness laws ought to get necessary, particularly for banks and make openness f information simple for everybody, including remote offices and people. Subsequently, banks and banking laws should go under the domain of worldwide laws alongside nearby laws. To be sure, the administrations can't take activities on the off chance that they are limited by universal laws and nearby laws of nations where the cash is reserved. Access to data turns into a basic issue that can essentially debilitate tax avoidance. Rigid discipline would additionally dissuade the duty dodgers just as banks and help creating and immature economies to make quick financial

Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) for Panic and Anxiety

Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) for Panic and Anxiety Panic Disorder Treatment Print How the Emotional Freedom Technique Treats Anxiety Alternative Treatment for Panic and Anxiety By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 06, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 01, 2019 Peter Dazeley / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions The Emotional Freedom Technique, or simply EFT, is an experimental method that has grown in popularity. If you have been contemplating the use of EFT for the treatment of panic disorder, it is important to be aware that the effectiveness of this alternative method has not been established and has often been considered pseudoscience by the clinical psychology community. The following describes an overview of EFT and considerations about this alternative method. How It Works The Emotional Freedom Technique, or simply EFT, is a method that was developed by Gary Craig with the desire to help clients let go of negative thoughts, memories, and emotions. This technique involves stimulating specific pressure points on the body while recalling painful memories or upsetting thoughts. Craig derived EFT out of Thought Field Therapy (TFT), a technique created by psychologist Dr. Robert Callahan that incorporated traditional psychotherapy and tapping. When creating EFT, Craig simplified the TFT process so that most people can easily benefit from this method. During the EFT process, a person is either guided by an EFT practitioner or is self-guided to focus on distressing thoughts or emotions while tapping on certain places throughout the body. These specific spots where the person is instructed to tap are considered points of energy, known as meridians, which are similarly stimulated during acupuncture. Instead of using needles as an acupuncturist would, the EFT client is instructed to use ones own on fingers to gently press on these points. By tapping on these areas and bringing one’s awareness to negative emotions, EFT purports that one may be able to let go of some negative emotional energy. Can EFT Help With Panic Disorder? EFT is thought to assist a person in releasing emotions that are holding one back from experiencing more happiness and satisfaction. This technique has grown in popularity as an alternative method to help cope with challenging emotions associated with various mental health disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders. Initial research on EFT has shown that this method can potentially help reduce the feelings of stress and anxiety associated with numerous mental health conditions,  including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), specific phobias, and panic disorder. It should be noted that these initial research studies have been thought to have some significant methodological flaws making their interpretation problematic. Additional studies are needed to determine if EFT can be useful to treat panic and anxiety symptoms. Additionally, this method is not endorsed or approved for training by major professional associations of mental health practitioners, including the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Counseling Association (ACA). Finding Help for Panic Disorder People diagnosed with panic disorder often struggle with intense feelings of fear, stress, and anxiety. These difficult emotions and other symptoms can negatively impact the panic sufferers quality of life. As a person’s life is interrupted by panic and anxiety, relationships may suffer, a career can be affected, and goals and responsibilities may be put off. If you believe that you are struggling with anxiety or other symptoms of panic disorder, it is important that you seek help from your doctor or qualified mental health specialist. Only your doctor or licensed practitioner can provide you with an accurate diagnosis. She can also assist you in developing a treatment plan that is appropriate for your needs. There are several main treatment options available that can assist panic sufferers in managing symptoms and getting back on track. Some of the most common treatment methods include attending therapy, taking prescribed medication, and practicing self-help techniques. Most panic sufferers will choose a combination of these options as a safe and effective way to cope with panic attacks and other symptoms. Psychotherapy and medications for panic disorder have been scientifically evaluated and proven for safety and effectiveness. Alternative treatment methods, including EFT, should only be used as a complement to these treatment options. If you are considering EFT, be certain to discuss this option with your doctor. He will be able to help you determine if this alternative method would be an appropriate addition to your treatment plan. Find Relief With the 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Describe Modernist British Poetry During World War I - 275 Words

Describe Modernist British Poetry During World War I (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessors NameCourseDateModernist British Poetry During World War IModernism is said to be the art consequent on the disestablishing of communal reality and conventional notions of the wholeness of individual character, on the linguistic chaos that ensues when public notions of language have been discredited and when all realities have become subjective fictions.It is the art consequent on Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle,' of the destruction of civilization and reason in the First World War, of the World altered and reinterpreted by Darwin, Freud, and Marx, of capitalism and frequent industrial acceleration of existential exposure to meaninglessness and absurdity. (Bradbury and McFarlane 27).A number of poets rise into prominence during the First World War majoring on modernism. This paper aims to view some of these poets with regard to Bradbury and MacFarlanes definition of modernism.Sigfried Sassoon is one poet who entirely agrees with the definition. In his poem The Redeemer, he presents a scenario where, as a result of his experience in war, he is separated from the civilian world and is unable to rejoin it. The poem separates the soldier and the civilian. The soldier, according to Sassoon, does not deem himself at home, rather, he is quick to point out differences between those in England and himself:When peaceful folk in beds lay snug asleep;There, with much work to do before the lightWe lugged our clay-sucked boots as best as we mightAlong the trench; sometimes a bullet sang. (Sassoon LL 3-6).The civilian otherwise referred to as peaceful folk no longer shares the same experiences as the soldier. Later on in the poem, Sassoon makes a comparison between a soldier and Christ:No thorny crown, only a woolen capHe worean English soldier, white and strong, . . .That Lancaster on Lune may stand [secure]. (Sassoon LL 19-27).The soldier as a redeemer is quite English, but his Englishness is not in line with his reality. This concurs with wh at Bradbury and MacFarlane say about modernism. According to Sassoon, the soldiers Englishness depends on the soldiers self-sacrifice in order to survive. A few months later on the front, the poets optimistic blending of the trenches and the home front morphs into hopeless isolation. In separating the soldier from the civilian, Sassoon presents the world which is essentially at odds with itself. Towards the end of the poem, a soldier flings his burden in the muck, /mumbling: O Christ Almighty, now Im stuck! (Sassoon LL 35-36). The poet, just like the soldier, is stuck: he cannot see any future beyond the trenches.In his poem The Happy Warrior, Herber Read shows how he hates war through his clear description of killings and brutality in war:His wide eyes search unconsciously,He cannot shriek,Bloody saliva,Dribbles down his shapeless jacket, (Read LL 4-7)This description of war is horribly vivid. Use of words such as bloody, Shriek and shapeless portray the sense of disgust the speake r feels about the war. The image depicted in line 6 is that of a beastly animal with bloody saliva dripping down its mouth. In this portrayal, Read suggests inhumanity. He views war as primitive and barbaric. Read uses a reflective tone which reveals his intended sarcasm at the end of the poem. Although his description can be termed shocking, the poems ending is quite sarcastic:I saw him stab . . .

Romeo And Juliet Vs. West Side Story - 1615 Words

Abbie Chapman Dr. Paula Hutton MUSC 2013 March 30, 2016 Romeo and Juliet vs. West Side Story Since the beginning of time people have been intrigued by the story of â€Å"two star-crossed lovers†, those who long to be together but never can. Such is the case of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and the collaboration work, West Side Story. The purpose of this paper is to show the similarities and differences between these two tragic love stories. Romeo and Juliet is a timeless literary work written by William Shakespeare in 1596. Many people have heard of this famous play, but what many do not know is it was based on another literary work. Shakespeare used Arthur Brooke’s The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet, published just a few decades earlier, as his inspiration; and yes, that is really how the title is spelled (Gottlieb, 2001). The play takes place in Verona, the home of the star-crossed lovers. Romeo belongs to the Montagues and Juliet the Capulets; the two groups have been feuding for as long as anyone can rem ember. Romeo first meets Juliet at a party the Capulets are throwing. Juliet has been promised to Paris by her father. For Romeo and Juliet, it was love at first sight. They fall in love and secretly get married with the help of Father Laurence. The newly married couple gets one night together before everything starts falling apart. Juliet’s impending marriage to Paris is moved forward. Romeo and his crew get in a fight with Juliet’s cousin, Tybalt, and the restShow MoreRelatedShakespeares Romeo and Juliet vs. West Side Story Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo Juliet vs. West Side Story Shakespeares is one of the most read writers ever and his writing was so successful that not just one group of people liked it. He did this by relating to his audience using universal truths. . Human emotions are not something that change over time and they are also known as universal truths; love, hate, revenge, and envy are all examples of universal truths. This play was so successful that many other movies have copied the plot but changed the scenery. OverRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet vs. West Side Story1862 Words   |  8 Pages Romeo amp; Juliet vs. West Side Story nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What would Romeo and Juliet be like if Juliet hadnt died? What if Paris killed Romeo, instead of vice versa? What if instead of occurring several centuries ago, it took place on the streets of New York City during the 1950s, with a bunch of fresh-faced youths posing as street toughs and dancing and singing their hearts out? Well, just take a look at West Side Story, and you will have your answers. It is impossible for anyoneRead MoreFate vs Free Will- Romeo and Juliet West Side Story Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesCrashing Down When two people are meant to be together, no time is too long† (Anonymous). Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare and West Side Story by Arthur Laurents show the pure evils of acting extremely hastily and how it can change the outlook on the future. Romeo and Juliet are two young lovers who were taught to hate one another and who suffer deeply because of the consequences of fate. Romeo and Juliet’s deaths were sure to be tragic as was hinted at early on throughout the play. BothRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet894 Words   |  4 Pages West Side Story Vs. Romeo Juliet â€Å"Oh Romeo Romeo wherefore art thou Romeo...?† These famous words are from the romantic classic, Romeo and Juliet, which has been the hard hitting piece that many novels, romantic comedies, dramas, and many more genres of art have adapted from. Though many of these adaptations fail to use the poetic aspect of the play, there are few who try and preserve the art of poetry. Nevertheless, West Side Story, a romantic movie is the perfect adaptation of Romeo andRead More Comparing Arthur Laurents West Side Story and Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet 2318 Words   |  10 Pagesbetween Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story are too frequent to categorize in such limited space, it is impossible for anyone familiar with both texts to not notice the obvious similarities between the two works (Theme).   From the opening scenes in both, up through the rumble in West Side Story/death of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet, the plays mirror each other (Poelstra).   It isnt until the last part of West Side Story, where Tony (our modern-day Romeo) dies and Maria (Tonys Juliet) doesntRead MoreWest Side Story : Race Discrimination1594 Words   |  7 PagesWest Side Story: Race Discrimination Introduction West Side Story, based on the book by Arthur Laurent, is a musical about a modern Romeo and Juliet involved in New York street gangs in the 1950’s. Aside from the movie portraying a love that was forbidden between the Sharks, a Puerto Rican gang and the Jets, an Anglo-Americans gang; it also represents the discrimination, violence and economic exploitation Puerto Ricans faced when migrating to New York in the 1950’s. When West Side Story cameRead MoreHow I Read Literature Like A Professor Notes3177 Words   |  13 PagesThere is only ONE story †¢ T.S. Eliot- new works are set around the monuments, adding to and altering the order †¢ Intertextuality- interaction between poems/stories/literary works †¢ Look for patterns, symbols and literary devices to make the connections between works Chapter 6- Shakespeare †¢ Every writer reinvents Shakespeare in some form †¢ BE ABLE TO IDENITFY INTERTEXTUALITY!!! †¢ Good writes make us question things we already know †¢ West Side Story is a reinvention of Romeo and Juliet †¢ Shakespeare isRead MoreStudy Questions On Huck Finn 4360 Words   |  18 Pagesback on his freedom to thrive. Huck meets Jim on Jackson Island. He is there because he heard Miss Watson was going to sell him so he escaped there in the mean time. Huck and Jim find a dead body in the floating house on the river. One example of Man vs. Society in chapters 8-11 is in chapter 7 when Huck runs away from Pap and everything else in his life. Pap and Miss Watson were restricting him to do anything for himself and they were his only reality. Running away from them allowed him to break freeRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesp1 x1 +p2 x2 ≠¤ m. On a graph, the budget line is just the line segment with equation p1 x1 + p2 x2 = m and with x1 and x2 both nonnegative. The budget line is the boundary of the budget set. All of the points that the consumer can aï ¬â‚¬ord lie on one side of the line and all of the points that the consumer cannot aï ¬â‚¬ord lie on the other. If you know prices and income, you can construct a consumer’s budget line by ï ¬ nding two commodity bundles that she can â€Å"just aï ¬â‚¬ord† and drawing the straight line that

How to Set Academic Goals

In all walks of life, goals are set to keep us focused. From sports to sales and marketing, goal setting is common. By setting goals, an individual can be more aware of what will be needed to move forward. For example, by setting a goal to have our homework finished by Sunday evening, a student will have thought through the process and in so doing made allowances for other things he or she would typically do on a Sunday. But the bottom line on this is: goal setting helps us to focus on the end result.   We sometimes refer to goal setting as plotting a map for success. After all, you are likely to wander a bit off track if you dont keep your eye on a clear goal. Goals are like promises we make to our future selves.  It is never a bad time to get started when it comes to  setting goals, so you should never let a few setbacks get you down if you feel like youve been off track. So how can you be most successful? Setting Goals Like a P-R-O There are three keywords to keep in mind when you set your goals: PositiveRealisticObjectives Be Positive There are many books written about the power of positive thinking. Many people believe positive thinking is an essential factor when it comes to success, but it doesnt have anything to do with mystical powers or magic. Positive thoughts merely keep you on track and prevent you from holding yourself back in a negative funk. When you set goals, concentrate on positive thoughts. Dont use words like I wont fail algebra. That will only keep the notion of failure in your thoughts. Instead, use positive language: I will pass algebra with a B average.I will be accepted into three superior colleges.I will increase my SAT total scores by 100 points. Be Realistic Dont set yourself up for disappointment by setting goals that you cant realistically achieve. Failure can have a snowball effect. If you set a goal thats not attainable and miss the mark, you are likely to lose confidence in other areas. For instance, if you fail a midterm in algebra and you resolve to improve your performance, dont set a goal of a final A grade overall if it isnt mathematically possible. Set Objectives Objectives are the tools you will use to reach your goals; they are sort of like the little sisters to your goals. Objectives are the steps you take to ensure you stay on track. For example: Goal: Passing algebra with a B averageObjective 1: I will review the pre-algebra lessons I learned last year.Objective 2: I will see a tutor every Wednesday night.Objective 3: I will mark every future test in my planner. Your objectives must be measurable and clear, so they should never be wishy-washy. When you set goals and objectives, be sure to include a time limit. Goals should not be vague and unbounded.

The Concept Of Ship Registration - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 4977 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The concept of ship registration dates back to the time when vessels started to sail under national flags. Belonging to different countries, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"nationalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of a ship provides not only protection of the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights, support and other advantages, but also responsibilities and certain limitations. Registration means subjecting the ship to the jurisdiction of a country. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Concept Of Ship Registration" essay for you Create order However, the ways and approaches to ship registration were not rigid and inflexible. Prior to the 1980s, national registers were the only phenomenon in the ship registration practice. But the so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"open registersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ appeared due to several developing countries, such as Panama, Liberia and the Bahamas. They provided more flexible conditions and lower costs than national registers. Ship owners were attracted by open registers to become more competitive in comparison with their rivals. The response of the developed countries was to introduce international or second registers that gave wider opportunities than national ones, but provided better technical support and service to the member-vessels. The current literature review is aimed at providing the overall classification of ship register types and to concentrate on the four registering companies: NIS, NOR (Norwegian Ship registers), IOM Ship Register (Isle of Man) and UK Ship Register. Definition, Classification and Functions of Ship Registers Rayfuse (2004) argues that according to existing international legislation, ships are allowed to sail under the flag of one country only. Consequently, the concept of a ship register or flag state addresses a vessel to the state, which carries out the regulatory control over this ship (Harwood, 2006). However, this registration will imply further certification and inspection of the ship. Special attention is given by ship registers to the maintenance of environmental regulations and the prevention of pollution (Raikes, 2009). Hinkelman (2005) proposed an overwhelming classification of ship registers types. The researcher argues that all the register types are subdivided into national registers, flags of convenience (FOCs), second registers and bareboat charter registers. In the case of national registers, the direct link between the nationality of the vesselà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s owner and the flag state is implied. National registers are often referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"closed registersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Hinkelman, 2005). Flags of convenience (FOCs) do not directly link the nationality of the owner with the state flag. On the contrary, they are foreign registers, which provide more convenient conditions for the ship owners. Bareboat charter registers grant the possibility to obtain for vessels a foreign registration for a certain time period. However, they retain their primary registration (Hinkelman, 2005). The current dissertation focuses predominantly on second and national registers. Second registers are often referred to as offshore registers. Their operation is determined by the International Transport Workerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Federation (ITF) (Mulcahy and Tillotson, 2004). This type of register is usually established either by the separate legislation in the country, which already has a national (primary register), or in the offshore territory with the direct legal connection to the host country. The main second registers are the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS) (Norway), Isle of Man (UK), Madeira (Portugal), Kerguelen (France) and Danish International Ship Register (DIS) (Denmark) (Farthing and Brownrigg, 1997). From the standpoint of the world economy, the main function of international ship registers is to assist in global maritime commerce. According to Odeke (1998) this assistance may be seen in eliminating certain restrictions and limitations imposed by primary registers. Besides the implementation of the official control function, international registers protect the rights of the owners of vessels. Furthermore, second registers tend to subscribe certain original regulations for vesselsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ owners. They stipulate definite manning, taxation rules and safety requirements (Chircop and LindÃÆ' ©n, 2006). For instance, the nationality requirements for manning are usually relaxed by the international registers. At the same time, the second register country has the right to call all registered vessels in the event of war or other emergencies (DeSombre, 2006). Klikauer and Morris (2002) argue that it is beneficial for countries to have their own second registers. International registers charge registration taxes and fees from the vesselsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ owners. Even providing the above mentioned services to the ships, they remain profitable. International registers attract ship owners, as they ordinary provide more favourable conditions and terms than those of the home states (Raikes, 2009). It may be even stated that the second registers compete against each other in attracting new candidates. Norwegian International Ship (NIS) Register Background The Norwegian International Ship Register was founded in 1987. The second register provides the possibility of the registration and certification for vessels under the flag of Norway, which has been an outstanding nautical nation since the time of the Vikings. The main purpose of the NIS is formulated as the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to offer a flexible and commercially attractive alternative to open registers while retaining the essential features of quality registersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Branch, 2007, p. 164). The organisation was established to compete against other international registers for the benefit of Norway. The Norwegian International Ship Register allows the certification of the following types of ships: hovercraft, cargo and self-propelled ships, movable platforms and installations. The citizenship of the owner is not limited or restricted by the NIS. The ships sailing under the Norwegian flag have to subject to the jurisdiction of that country. The key differences with the ordinary NOR may be seen in the following. First, according to the NIS, direct certification of foreign companies is allowed which is not possible in case of NOR. Secondly, according to the NIS, the employment of foreign crew with the standard local salary level is allowed. Limitations of the NIS The limitations subscribed by the NIS were originally formulated by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) of Norway and the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The main limitation of the NIS is that the ships under the Norwegian flag are not allowed to carry passengers or cargo from one Norwegian port to another Norwegian port. Furthermore, regular transportation of passengers between foreign and Norwegian ports is not permitted either. It is specified that Norwegian gas and oil installations are considered to be Norwegian ports from the standpoint of this limitation. Despite the fact that the NIS legislation allows foreign ownership of the vessel, owners are obliged to have a Norwegian representative. This requirement may be also interpreted as a limitation for foreign owners. Another limitation may be seen in the fact that a foreign crew of the vessel is not allowed to carry out all the technical and commercial maintenance operations by themselves. Furthermore, their home country cannot be involved in these operations either. The NIS legislation implies the participation of the third party, a Norwegian company, which will accomplish the minimum set of technical and commercial operations for a foreign vessel. Hence, a certain degree of dependence in technical and financial operations for foreign vessels may be classified as a limitation because crew cannot make a choice of their own. At the same time, the NIS legislation does not limit the age of the vessel to be registered. The main requirement is satisfactory technical functioning of the ship. The Number of Registered Ships It is reasonable to trace back the dynamics of the registered quantities of vessels in the NIS. At the beginning of 1999, the number of registered vessels was equal to 705. In forthcoming years it was fluctuating and finally dropped. In 2000, 2001 and 2002 the number of the registered vessels constituted 712, 717 and 693 respectively. However, in 2008, this figure constituted only 577 vessels. The NIS registered 358 vessels owned by the Norwegians and 192 owned by foreigners. This illustrates that the general tend in the number of NIS registration was decreasing. To estimate the NIS registration in tonnage, the following indicators can be mentioned. During the period from 1999 to 2005, the tonnage of the NIS registered vessels changed from 19,000 gross tons to around 14,000 gross tons. Again, the overall trend for the NIS registers in tonnage was decreasing. Advantages The following advantages can be attributed to registration in the NIS. Norwegians are universally recognised as a competent and experienced maritime nation. The Norwegian taxation system is relatively mild in comparison with the overall European taxation regulations. The Norwegian judicial system characterises itself as one of the most predictable and sophisticated towards the maritime business. The NIS system has a very good reputation, which eliminates further inspection of the cargo in foreign ports. The registered vessels will reap all the benefits of high-quality tonnage. The implementation by the NIS of other international standards, such as ILO, IMO, ISM, SOLAS, WTO, OECD and MARPOL, increases the universality and uniformity of their legislation, which is advantageous for trade. The NIS provides more than 500 service stations on a global scale, which are easy to apply to for technical and financial management and support. The income of the crews including foreign citizens is not taxed by the Norwegian authorities. Disadvantages It may be argued that the following disadvantages can be found in the NIS. Foreign owners and cargo or passenger transportation companies are not permitted to enter the internal Norwegian market. The NIS legislation does not allow transportation between Norwegian ports for foreign vessels. However, this disadvantage is recognised by foreign owners only. The Norwegian authorities secure themselves against additional competition in the sea transportation market, which is recognised as an advantage for them. Foreign ships have no possibility to turn to their domestic technical and financial support services. Ship owners have to coordinate their payments to the employees within Norwegian legislation. Mandatory participation of the Norwegian representative in the communication with the Norwegian government. Norwegian Ordinary Register (NOR) Background The Norwegian Ordinary Register (NOR) has certain similarities with the NIS, but the main difference may be found in the class of the register. According to the above given classification, the NOR belongs to the national type of registers. It means, that it emphasises the direct link between the nationality of the owner and the host country. The NOR can be considered a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"closedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ register. The NOR legislation implies two options upon registration of vessels: mandatory and voluntary registrations. The mandatory registration is necessary for all the Norwegian vessels, which have a length of 15 meters or more. However, if they are already registered in other countries (have international or second registration), the NOR registration is not required. The voluntary option of registration can be applied to the Norwegian vessels, which have a length from 7 to 15 meters. In addition, other vessels, which are not used for commercial purposes may be registered voluntarily according to the NOR. Floating docks and cranes, hovercrafts and installations and moving platforms can be registered on the voluntary basis. In all the other cases, which are prescribed by the Act concerning the Registration and Marking of Fishing Vessels, the registration of vessels is mandatory. Limitations of the NOR According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005), the main limitations of the NOR may be found in its nature of being a national or closed register. In particular, to be registered by the NOR, the shipping company is to be owned by an EEA citizen. Nevertheless, non-EEA ownership is possible too, but the share owned by the EEA citizens must be no less than 60%. If compared with the NIS, such limitation does not exist there. On registration in the NOR, the company that owns a vessels becomes a company with limited liability. The headquarters of a cargo or passenger transporter must be on the territory of the EEA. Similar requirements are attributed to the crew of the vessel registered in accordance with the NOR standards. The prevailing majority of the crew members including the captain itself are to be EEA citizens, who had resided in the EEA area the two preceding years. Another limitation deals with the technical and financial management of the registered vessel. The NOR legislation allows technical support for a vessel from a Norwegian technical servicer only. The maintenance may be given abroad, but this company has to ultimately belong to Norway. The Number of Registered Ships In 2007, the total number of vessels registered in NOR was equal to 749. In 2008, this figure increased by 2.8% and was equal to 770. The NOR registration in tonnage was equal to 2,411 gross tons in 2007. In 2008, this figure decreased and constituted only 2,305 gross tons. It is quite difficult to comment about the tend in the NOR registrations because the two recent years demonstrated a small rise in numbers, but a fall in tonnage. Advantages The following advantages are usually attributed to the NOR. The vessels operating in the inner market reap the benefits of high-quality support and the protection of foreign competitors. Sophisticated and highly experienced maritime tradition contributes greatly to the development of sea transportation businesses for different types of vessels. It is beneficial for ship owners that the country has two types of ship registers: national and international. Disadvantages The following disadvantages may be seen in the NOR registration for vessels. The registration fees are not stable and fluctuate from year to year depending on the prescriptions of the Maritime Act. Opportunities of technical support are limited only to the domestic providers of this service. It may be concluded that as Norwegian International Ship (NIS) Register and Norwegian Ordinary Registers (NOR) belong to one country, they have much in common. However, the main difference between these registers is that they belong to different register groups: national (NOR) and international or second (NIS) registers. The NOR completely binds the registered ships to the host country, Norway. It may be noticed in terms of ownership, cooperation with maintenance and support services and the location of the headquarters. The NIS naturally allows foreign ownership, but the limitation of mandatory service remains. Moreover, companies are obliged to have a Norwegian representative. UK Register Background The UK register is part of the Maritime and Coastal Agency (MCA), which controls and monitors all of the marine activity in the UK. Since the UK is a kingdom, all of the activity is ultimately answerable to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain. The UK register is a closed register. The UK register handles: Merchant ships Fishing vessels Large yachts Pleasure Crafts/ Small ships With 116 (UK Ship Register, 2010) ports around the UK, all of the above vessels can register and receive a UK flag. Although the register provides a list of restrictions on who can be registered, it covers quite a wide range of geographical locations (e.g. British Dependant territories citizens, EEA countries, those that have a registered business in one of the EEA countries). Benefits of having a UK Flag The UK flag is considered to be one of the best performing flags in the world, ranking 3rd (lowest by risk) in the Paris MoU list The UK Flag is one of the top performing Flags on the Paris MoU White List (UK register, 2010). The register is proud to offer their customers assistance both before and after registration. Financially, it rewards its members with relatively low annual renewal fees and contributes around  £1.4 million to a Crew Relief Cost Scheme. Furthermore, UK registered ships are not targeted by Port State Control regimes in the worlds major trading areas ISPS plan approvals and verification audits at no cost to owners and operators An international reputation for expert advice and guidance with a proactive leading role at the IMO, EU and Quality Shipping Committees Worldwide security threat level information provided to UK registered ships with support for British Nationals on board from British Consuls and Royal Navy protection dependent on the availability of assets and exact situation Quality Assurance offering certification to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards with audits being taken in harmonisation with ISM Alternate Compliance Scheme: A voluntary scheme that streamlines the survey and certification process by minimising duplication of effort with Classification Societies. Eligibility is conditional upon certain criteria being met (UK Register, 2010). Disadvantages of the UK Flag The National Audit Office (2009) has reported that the efficiency with which the MAC operates has deteriorated over the years. Until 2000 the agency have managed to carry out all of the required surveys in order to check the quality of the ships that operate under a UK flag. However, by 2007, the targets were not met. Furthermore, it was predicted, that the targets would not be met again in 2008-2009. Failure to meet its targets will increase the risk that UK vessels which do not comply with regulations operate without detection in UK ports and waters (National Audit Office, 2009, p.5). In order to be efficient, the MAC needs more resources However, at the moment, even the cost of surveys are not met by the revenues that are brought in by the owners of the vessels. Another worrying fact, is that the quality of the UK flag, which has been enjoying a very good reputation over the years, is starting to disappear. The audit has found that an increasing number of UK flag holders are being detained overseas due to the inability to pass quality checks. Although relatively this detention number is lower compared to other flags, it has been argued that the difference is getting smaller every year. Partly, because the quality of the other flags is increasing and partly because the quality of the UK flag vessels is deteriorating. Registered Ships In order to increase the growth in registered ships, the Government has introduced a tonnage tax in 2000. In turn, instead of charging vessels on the profits that they make off their activities, they are now charged on the tonnage of their vessels. This regulatory measure has allowed the UK register to see a good increase in the number of vessels. By the end of 2007 the UK registered merchant fleet had grown from 1,050 to 1,518. Of these, 646 vessels were trading vessels compared with 417 vessels in 2000 (National Audit Office, 2009, p.5). The tonnage that was brought in also increased. In 2007, the average tonnage per vessel increased from 11,000 to 19,000. This increase had an interesting effect on the number of overseas surveys that the MCA had to perform in 2007. Nearly a quarter of them had to be done overseas. This is a large increase, considering that in 2000-2001, 5% were performed overseas, while the rest were done domestically (National Audit Office, 2009, p.5). Large increases were also seen in the number of Certificates of Equivalent Competency that were issued, from 3,244 in 2003 to 4,722 in 2007. However, although absolute numbers have increased, the overall rate of growth has declined. In 2007, the fleet grew by 10%, compared to 13.33% average growth from 2001 to 2003. The MAC argues that too many external factors are at play, which do not allow them to enhance the growth with more control. For example, the MAC found that some shipping companies were happy to wait and see whether the EU would bring in a tonnage tax as well, before making the final decision on their flagging. In turn, this shows that although the UK ship register provides a large number of benefits, they are not relatively strong enough to become a deciding factor for the shipping companies. Isle of Man Registry Background Isle of Man Registry (IOM) works closely with the Isle of Man government to provide relevant solutions to its members. Tynwald (the local parliament) is ultimately answerable to the Crown, however, as has long been agreed, the UK government does not legislate the IOM, and therefore, shipping legislation is approved by Tynwald alone. The Isle of Man operates a Category One, Red Ensign Group British Register that provides for the registration of ships of any size or type. The Isle of Man Register is a component part of the British Register (The Red Ensign Group, 2010). IOM registry is relatively new, established only in 1984. Over the years, the IOM has seeked local private solutions for its clients, and today works closely with local marine lawyers, accountants, PI clubs and even banks, bringing a diverse, one-stop-shop solution to anyone who registers. Due to its offshore jurisdiction capabilities and proximity to Europe, IOM can provide a highly competitive solution. The IOM strongly competes on its tax exemption regime, its financial centre capabilities and developed technical solutions whilst on the island. The IOM registers a large number of different vessels, including VLCC, superyachts, fishing boats and pleasure crafts. Advantages of the IOM The Isle of Man Ship Registry has recently been voted best in the world, claiming the top spot in the international shipping industry round table annual flag state performance table (PDMS, 2008). Like the rest of the registrars, IOM conveys that it will provide the ship owners with the cost-efficient and customer-friendly solution. Quality is key to the Isle of Man, where our reputation as a high quality jurisdiction makes us the flag of choice for todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s modern maritime business (IOM, 2010). Furthermore, the website states that this registers customer service has a can-do approach. A professional Ship Registry providing a high quality of service available 24/7 with fast response to queries Reasonable costs and no annual tonnage dues A favourable taxation regime designed to encourage business The right to fly the Red Ensign and access the support of British consular services world-wide and British Royal Navy protection Flexibility in the requirements for registered owners The availability of Demise registry both IN and OUT Support for ships treated unfairly by Port State Control Full political support for shipping ISO 9001/2008 Accreditation Not a Flag of Convenience Regular advice bulletins on key issues to help owners respond to them (IOM, 2010). Unlike the rest of the registers, it can be argued that IOM offers a number of unique solutions and help. For example, the Ship Managers and Owner Association (IOMSA) brings together the ship owners with the relevant legal and financial representatives, where they are able to discuss outstanding issues and come up with solutions. A similar association is offered to the superyachts sector (Manx Yacht Forum). In turn, it can be argued, that the register can see the issues quickly and address them, which takes the customer service to a different level. Furthermore, since a large proportion of its business is coming from the private yacht owners, the IOM offers one annual yacht fee, which includes all of the charges and exemptions in it already. This makes it very easy for the owners to delegate all of their paper work to the registers, without getting involved in the complex structure of the system. The Annual Report (2008) puts strong emphases on the quality of the vessels that register with the IOM registry. Consistent quality checks before the registration and during the time that the vessel is under the IOM flag, reflects in the strong decline in the number of accidents that the IOM are subject to. Over 5 years, the number of accidents declined from 53 in 2004 to 35 in 2008 (Annual Report, 2008, p. 20). The Number of Registered Ships The IOM has grown over the years, yet, this growth has never been aggressive. In 2008, its main growth was in the registration of yachts, where the target was to register 1 per month. In 2008, 995 vessels were sailing under the IOM flag. Figure 1. IOM registered vessels by type Source: IOM, Annual Report, 2008, p. 10 It is extremely important for the IOM register to be within the first third on the Paris MOU register. So far, out of 83 members of the Paris MOU, they have managed to stay within the first 11. Figure 2: Paris MOU register and IOM position Source: Annual Report, 2008, p. 21 Conclusion The literature review has shown that there are the second registers have been developed by the countries in order to compete with those that were offered by the developing countries. The closed registers examined still prevail in size (by the number of registered vessels), however, the difference is not very large. Each of the registers offers their members a large number of benefits. However, as the case with NIS has shown, reluctance to be flexible is likely to results in less demand for their services. It was interesting to see the results produced by IOM. The registry has managed to grow steadily, despite having a large amount of competition. The low costs that the IOM offers has not impacted on the quality of the service provided. It has been found that the UK Register is much bigger in size than NOR and enjoys a steady growth. Despite the deteriorating ability to meet its survey targets, it still has the 3rd place in the MOU whitelist (see Appendix). It can be argued that if the vessels are less likely to be detained overseas due to deficiencies, this plays an important part on their ability to make a profit. Therefore, low risk registers, such as the UK Register is likely to be more attractive. Both NIS and NOR has seen a decline in their registered members. It can be argued that unlike the UK register and the IOM, they did not make enough competitive changes to stay attractive. References AppleBy (2009) Brief: Ship registration in the Isle of Man [online]: https://dc.co.im/uploaded/Publication/1362_File_5.pdf [Accessed on 2 March 2010] Branch, A. (2007) Elements of shipping, 7th ed., Taylor Francis, p. 164 Burroughs R (1984) Offshore supply vessels: An emerging maritime industry Maritime Policy Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 269 276 The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (2008) UK Ship Register continues to grow [online]: https://www.ciltuk.org.uk/pages/industry-news/article?EBA1745A-D18A-4443-A2FE-946C24DFD242 [Accessed on 2 March 2010] Chircop, A. and LindÃÆ' ©n, O. (2006) Places of refuge for ships: emerging environmental concerns of a maritime custom, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 265 Department of Trade and Industry (2010) Registration of Manx Ships [online]: https://www.gov.im/lib/docs/dti/shipregistry/Registration/rans/ran01registrationofmanxships.pdf [Accessed on 2 March 2010] DeSombre, E. (2006) Flagging standards: globalization and environmental, safety, and labor regulations at sea, MIT Press, p. 83 Farthing, B. and Brownrigg, M. (1997) Farthing on international shipping, 3rd ed., the University of Virginia, p. 187 Harwood, S. (2006) Shipping finance, 3rd ed., Euromoney Books, pp. 200-204 Hinkelman, E. (2005) Dictionary of international trade: handbook of the global trade community includes 21 key appendices, 6th ed., World Trade Press, p. 374 IOM (2008) Annual Report, [online]: https://www.gov.im/lib/docs/dti/shipregistry/formsdocs/reports/iomsr/reportfinalwebsiteonly.pdf [Accessed on 2 March 2010] Isle of Man (2010) Ship registry [online]: https://www.gov.im/dti/shipregistry/ [Accessed on 2 March 2010] Isle of Man Government (2010) Registry: Qualified Owners [online]: https://www.gov.im/dti/shipregistry/registration/qualifiedowners.xml [Accessed on 2 March 2010] Klikauer, T. and Morris, R. (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Into murky waters: Globalisation and deregulation in Germanyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shipping employee relationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Employee Relations, Vol. 24, Issue: 1, pp. 12-28 Mulcahy, L. and Tillotson, J. (2004) Contract law in perspective, 4th ed., Routledge Cavendish, p. 147 National Audit Office (2009) The Maritime and Coastguard Agencys Response to Growth in the UK Merchant Fleet Great Britain, [online]: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCHYPERLINK https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCdq=UK+Ship+Registerlr=source=gbs_navlinks_sHYPERLINK https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCdq=UK+Ship+Registerlr=source=gbs_navlinks_sdq=HYPERLINK https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCdq=UK+Ship+Registerlr=source=gbs_navlinks_sHYPERLINK https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCdq=UK+Ship+Registerlr=source=gbs_navlinks_sUK+Ship+RegisterHYPERLINK https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCdq=UK+Ship+Registerlr=source=gbs_navlinks_sHYPERLINK https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCdq=UK+Ship+Registerlr=source=gbs_navlinks_sHYPERLINK https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCdq=UK+Ship+Registerlr=source=gbs_navlinks_slr=HYPERLINK https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCdq=UK+Ship+Registerlr=source= gbs_navlinks_sHYPERLINK https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n5QIqJW-eVsCdq=UK+Ship+Registerlr=source=gbs_navlinks_ssource=gbs_navlinks_s [Accessed on 2 March 2010] NOR (2010) NOR [online]: https://www.nis-nor.no/NOR.aspx [Accessed on 2 March 2010] NIS (2010) NIS [online]: https://www.nis-nor.no/NHYPERLINK https://www.nis-nor.no/NOR.aspxISHYPERLINK https://www.nis-nor.no/NOR.aspx.aspx [Accessed on 2 March 2010] PDMS (2008) Client: Isle of Man Register [online] https://www.pdms.com/clients/casestudies/marineadmin.xml [Accessed on 2 March 2010] Odeke, A. (1998) Bareboat charter (ship) registration, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 8-9 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005) National treatment for foreign-controlled enterprises, OECD Publishing, p. 73 Paris MOU (2010) Black Grey White list [online]: https://www.parismou.org/upload/anrep/BGWlist2006-2008.pdf [Accessed on 2 March 2010] Paris MOU (2010) Basic Figures [online]: https://www.parismou.org/ParisMOU/Statistical+information/Basic+figures/xp/menu.4270/default.aspx [Accessed on 2 March 2010] Raikes, F. (2009) The Maritime Codes of Italy, BiblioBazaar, LLC, p. 115 Rayfuse, R. (2004) Non-flag state enforcement in high seas fisheries, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 22 Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009) Research Methods for Business Students, 5th ed., Pearson Education, pp. 56-66 Ship Management (2010) Isle of Man to introduce annual fee in April [online] https://www.shipmanagementinternational.com/?p=1557 [Accessed on 2 March 2010] Sletmo G. and S. Hoste  (1993) Shipping and the competitive advantage of nations: the role of international ship registers Maritime Policy Management, Vol.  20, No.  3, pp. 243 255 Statistics Norway (2003) The merchant fleet. Norwegian registered vessels. Number of vessels and gross tonnage by type of vessel. 2001 and 2000 [Accessed on 2 March 2010] The Red Ensign Group (2010) Isle of Man [online]: https://www.ukshipregister.co.uk/isleofman.htm [Accessed on 2 March 2010] UNESCAP (1988) Chapter 6: Ship Registration [online]: https://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TFS_pubs/Pub_1988/Pub_1988_Ch6.pdf [Accessed on 2 March 2010] UK Ship Register (2010) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Advantages of Registrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [online] Available at: https://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/ukr-home/merchant/merchant-advantages.htm [Accessed on 2 March 2010]

The Food and Drug Administration Essay - 866 Words

The Food and Drug Administration, also known as the FDA or USFDA, is responsible for protecting and advocating public health. They are the official government agency that ensures our drug supply is safe and effective. This is achieved through the regulation and supervision of food safety, dietary supplements, veterinary products, cosmetics, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, prescription and pharmaceutical drugs that can be purchased over- the- counter. When a pharmaceutical company creates a new drug, it has to go through the FDA and is required to submit a New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA. The FDA reviews the application to assure that there is an objective proof that the proposed drug is safe and effective. If the†¦show more content†¦During Phase 1, sufficient information about the drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects should be obtained to permit the design of well-controlled, scientifically valid, Phase 2 studies. 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Human Embryonic Stem (hES) Free Essays

Human embryonic stem (hES) cell has a unique ability of differentiating into all cell types, which leads to the development of the whole organism. As the integrity of ES cells is crucial for the developing embryo, these cells have likely evolved a mechanism that will detect and respond to adverse stimuli. Indeed, hES cell has been shown to be highly sensitive to DNA damage, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this rapid death remain unclear. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Embryonic Stem (hES) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Caspases are critical mediators of apoptosis in the cells of mammals, and is considered a key protein that is responsible for controlling their activation is Bax, a Bcl-2 family proapoptotic member. While the main components of the apoptotic pathway have been known and identified, exactly how this pathway is functioning and regulated in various primary cells is still unclear. The study examined the apoptotic pathway in the hES cells and also reported a unique mechanism of hES cells that can help them to undergo apoptosis in response to the genotoxic damage. To visualize GFP-tagged Bax, the 3-day colonies of hES cells were transfected with 2 mg of hBaxC3-EGFP from Addgene with FuGENE HD transfection reagent from Roche. Transfection is the process of by which nucleic acids is introduce to the eukaryotic cells by methods that are nonviral. With the help of some various methods such as chemical, physical, lipid methods, this technology of gene transfer technology is a very powerful tool to investigate the gene function and the expression of protein of a cell. Assay-based reporter technology, and with the availability of transfection reagents will actually give and provides the foundation necessary to study sequences of mammalian promoter and enhancer, the trans-acting proteins such as transcription factors, processing of mRNA, the interactions of different proteins, recombination, and translation events. In general, transfection is a method or protocol used to neutralize or obviate the issue of introducing the negatively charged molecules such as phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA into the negatively charged membrane of the cells. In addition, chemicals such as calcium phosphate and cationic lipid-based reagents that coat the DNA, neutralize or even creates an overall positive charge to the molecule is also used. This makes it easier for the DNA to transfection reagent complex to cross the said membrane, especially for lipids which has a fusogenic component that further enhances the fusion with the different lipid bilayer. Other methods such as physical methods like microinjection or electroporation have also been used that is simply punch through the membrane and will introduce DNA directly into the cytoplasm. In this study, they describe the striking feature of the healthy undifferentiated hES cells, which maintain Bax in its preactivated state at the Golgi that is in contrast to other cell types. The results also highlight the fact that the apoptotic machinery undergoes a dynamic change even if its an early stages of differentiation. How to cite Human Embryonic Stem (hES), Papers

Human Embryonic Stem (hES) Free Essays

Human embryonic stem (hES) cell has a unique ability of differentiating into all cell types, which leads to the development of the whole organism. As the integrity of ES cells is crucial for the developing embryo, these cells have likely evolved a mechanism that will detect and respond to adverse stimuli. Indeed, hES cell has been shown to be highly sensitive to DNA damage, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this rapid death remain unclear. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Embryonic Stem (hES) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Caspases are critical mediators of apoptosis in the cells of mammals, and is considered a key protein that is responsible for controlling their activation is Bax, a Bcl-2 family proapoptotic member. While the main components of the apoptotic pathway have been known and identified, exactly how this pathway is functioning and regulated in various primary cells is still unclear. The study examined the apoptotic pathway in the hES cells and also reported a unique mechanism of hES cells that can help them to undergo apoptosis in response to the genotoxic damage. To visualize GFP-tagged Bax, the 3-day colonies of hES cells were transfected with 2 mg of hBaxC3-EGFP from Addgene with FuGENE HD transfection reagent from Roche. Transfection is the process of by which nucleic acids is introduce to the eukaryotic cells by methods that are nonviral. With the help of some various methods such as chemical, physical, lipid methods, this technology of gene transfer technology is a very powerful tool to investigate the gene function and the expression of protein of a cell. Assay-based reporter technology, and with the availability of transfection reagents will actually give and provides the foundation necessary to study sequences of mammalian promoter and enhancer, the trans-acting proteins such as transcription factors, processing of mRNA, the interactions of different proteins, recombination, and translation events. In general, transfection is a method or protocol used to neutralize or obviate the issue of introducing the negatively charged molecules such as phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA into the negatively charged membrane of the cells. In addition, chemicals such as calcium phosphate and cationic lipid-based reagents that coat the DNA, neutralize or even creates an overall positive charge to the molecule is also used. This makes it easier for the DNA to transfection reagent complex to cross the said membrane, especially for lipids which has a fusogenic component that further enhances the fusion with the different lipid bilayer. Other methods such as physical methods like microinjection or electroporation have also been used that is simply punch through the membrane and will introduce DNA directly into the cytoplasm. In this study, they describe the striking feature of the healthy undifferentiated hES cells, which maintain Bax in its preactivated state at the Golgi that is in contrast to other cell types. The results also highlight the fact that the apoptotic machinery undergoes a dynamic change even if its an early stages of differentiation. How to cite Human Embryonic Stem (hES), Papers

Asian Americans As Model Minorities Essay Research free essay sample

Asiatic Americans As Model Minorities Essay, Research Paper Asiatic Americans as Model Minorities For 20 old ages, Asiatic Americans have been portrayed by the imperativeness and the media as a successful minority. Asiatic Americans are believed to profit from amazing accomplishments in instruction, lifting occupational positions, increasing income, and are problem-fee in mental wellness and offense. The thought of Asiatic Americans as a theoretical account minority has become the cardinal subject in media portraiture of Asiatic Americans since the in-between sixtiess. The term theoretical account minority is given to a minority group that exhibits in-between category features, and attains some step of success on its ain without particular plans or public assistance. Asiatic Americans are seen as a theoretical account minority because even though they have faced bias and favoritism by other racial groups, they have succeeded socially, economically, and educationally without fall backing to political or violent dissensions with the bulk race. We will write a custom essay sample on Asian Americans As Model Minorities Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The? success? of the minority is offered as cogent evidence that the American dream of equal chance is capable to those who conform and who are willing to work hard. Therefore, the term theoretical account minority truly is a agency ( 1 ) to command minority groups in society, ( 2 ) to formalize and reenforce the values of the white bulk, and ( 3 ) to inform other minority groups that they excessively could accomplish success if they conform to the values and norms of the in-between category. Statisticss that support this theoretical account minority theory can be found in many countries, the first being instruction. Fifty per centum of Asiatic Americans 25 and older keep a unmarried man? s grade compared to 29 per centum of the white population. Many surveies have used standardised trials and school records, such as SAT, GPA, and other steps to compare the academic public presentation of Asiatic American pupils with non-Asian American pupils. Several surveies have indicated that the outstanding academic public presentation of Asiatic pupils might be attributed to their cultural and household values. Another country of theoretical account minority success is found in the professional work force. Asiatic Americans as a group work in the same topographic point of employment as Whites. This alone suggests that they have succeeded. A high per centum of Asians are found at the top of professional and managerial places. This success in the work force has besides lead Asians to keep one of the highest income figures per household by race. On the other manus, the theoretical account minority label is besides seen as a myth. This label suggests that Asiatic Americans conform to the norms of society, do good in school and callings, are hardworking and self-sufficing. It follows that Asiatic Americans are a theoretical account for all groups, particularly other minority groups. However, a closer expression uncovers serious jobs for if the theoretical account minority label accurately describes Asiatic success, so they should compare favourably to Whites on indexs of success. The myth of the theoretical account minority shows up in faculty members and industry. For illustration Asiatics are typically excluded from executive standings in public and private countries. In portion, this is due to a prejudiced position that they are either content or they are non suited for executive places despite all their instruction and abilities. Incomes of Asiatic Americans are besides non what they seem. Asians tend to populate in drawn- out households, hence more members of the family that work contributes to the perceived high-income position. The term theoretical account minority is at best and uncomplete image of the Asian-American experience in the United States. Yet this perceptual experience continues, in malice of the fact that Asians are besides discriminated against and have non achieved equality with Whites. Delucchi, Michael. ? The Model Minority Myth and Perceptions of Asian-Americans as Victims of Racial Harrassment. ? College Student Journal 30 ( 3 ) ( 1996 ) : 411-15. Schaeffer, Richard. Racial and Ethnic Groups. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. , 2000. James, Jason. ? Minorities in America. ? 8 Jan. 1998

Taxation Law And Fringe Benefit Tax Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law And Fringe Benefit Tax. Answer: Issue The central issue in the present case is to offer an advice to employee Charlie and employer Shine Homes Pty Ltd (Shiny Homes) for the fringe benefits consequences for the given events for the income year 2017. Law Fringe benefits are the non- cashable benefits (for personal use) which are extended on the part of the employer to their employee during their employment with the company. These types of benefits result fringe benefit tax liability on the employer. The various fringe benefits are highlighted in the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986 (Cth) FBTAA86. The various relevant fringe benefits and their respective FBT computation is discussed below. Car Fringe Benefit When an employer has provided car to the employee for his/her own personal usage, then it is termed as car fringe benefit. Tax Ruling TR 96/26 indicates the various aspects related to the Car Fringe Benefit and the computation of the Fringe Benefit Tax (FBT) liability on the part of employer (CCH, 2013). The necessary steps related to the computation of fringe benefit tax liability are highlighted below. Total duration of utilization of private use of car in the assessment year It is essential to find the actual date on which the car is available for the personal usage of employee. According to section 7 of FBTAA86, the private usage of car is assumed in any of the following two circumstances (Woellner, 2014). Actual car use for personal work by the employee The date on which the car has been offered to employee for personal utilization. In this case, the date on which car is offered would be taken into consideration irrespective of the fact that whether the employee has started using car for personal purposes or not. Additionally, there are certain implicit situations which also hint towards private usage. For instance, the parking of the car owned by the employer at the employees residence garage on aa regular basis automatically implies that the said employee has the authorization for personal use of car irrespective of an actual permission being extended. As per Section 7, FBTAA, the assumption of car being available for use in personal purposes can also be made when the residence is used as office (Gilders et. al., 2016). Also, on account of previous rulings, the use of car provided by the employer by employee for commutation between home and work amount to personal use of car which leads to FBT liability on employer (CCH, 2013). Also, it is crucial to highlight the deductions in private usage. The private usage availability is hampered only when the car is in the workshop to undergo serious repairs which are typically caused when there is some accident leading to vehicle being damaged badly. It is noteworthy that regular services along with trivial maintenance issues do not provide any deduction in private use (Sadiq et. al., 2016). Determination of the taxable amount of FBT related to extension of car fringe benefit There are two methods which the employer may use in order to determine the taxable fringe benefit. These are outlined below. Statutory Formula Method This method involves determination of taxable value on the basis of the statutory rate multiplied with the cars base value as highlighted in section 9, FBTAA. The complete formula is as indicated below (Deutsch et. al., 2016). Car Fringe Benefit Taxable Value = (Base value of car * Applicable statutory percentage *(Days of private purpose/365)) Employee Contribution The discussion about the various inputs mentioned in the above formula is carried out below. The car base value is often assumed to be price at which the car is bought. However, there are certain other costs which are included such as accessories cost which are not related to business, delivery charger paid to the dealer and GST applicable on the same. Further, according to Section 9 FBTAA, the expense on registration and stamp duty is not included in the base value. Although on account of general wear and tear the value of the car diminishes but instead of annual depreciation, a one third base value reduction is possible to claim after four years have elapsed with no depreciation charged (Sadiq et. al., 2016). Before May, 2011, the statutory percentage was determined taking into consideration the distances travelled in the consideration year. However, post May 11, 2011, the statutory percentage is independent of the distance travelled and instead levied at a flat rate of 90% in accordance with section 9, FBTAA (Barkoczy, 2017). The private usage days have already been discussed in the previous section but computation of these is done between April 1 and March 31 as FBT year is separate from tax year. Also, these days are then divided by 365 to estimate the yearly duration of private car use (CCH, 2013). It may so happen that certain operating costs related to fuel, repair may be paid by the employee and in such cases a deduction needs to be made for the same as per Section 9, FBTAA (Gilders et. al., 2016). Operating Cost Method The basic approach of this method is to determine the taxable value by computing the operating costs that have been spent in the given FBT year and multiply by a suitable percentage (Woellner, 2014). The choice of percentage is essentially driven by the private use extent. Hence, higher is the personal use, higher would be the percentage value and higher would be the taxable value of the fringe benefit extended to the employee as per Section 10, FBTAA. The formula used in this method is outlined below (Gilders et. al., 2016). Car Fringe Benefit Taxable Value = (Cumulative operating costs * Percentage) Employee contribution In the above two methods, it is the taxpayer who has the choice to decide on the method leading to lesser FBT payable. With regards to the operating cost method, it has to be specified at the commencement of private usage that this method would be used. The statutory formula method primarily is the one which is commonly in use (Barkoczy, 2017). FBT payable computation in relation to the car fringe benefit The above computed taxable value of the fringe benefit is then used to compute the FBT payable at the end of the employer as illustrated below (Sadiq et. al., 2016). FBT payable by the employer = Car Fringe Benefit Taxable Value * Rate of FBT * Gross up factor The fringe benefit tax rate tends to alter from year to year but for the current computations, the rate applied would be 49% applicable for the year ending on March 31, 2017. In relation to the gross up factor, two options exist based on the underlying good type. Goods that tend to levied GST have a higher gross up factor in comparison with those which are not levied GST. Since a car cost attracts GST, hence the higher gross up factor of 2.1463 would be used (Barkoczy, 2017). Expense Related Fringe Benefit The above fringe benefit when the employer tends to bear expenses which would be considered as private for the employee and should ideally be borne by the employee. This may involve several benefits such as payment of expenses like children fee. The applicable provisions in this relation are outlined in Section 20 FBTAA. According to this section, the computation of the FBT payable by the employer on account of this is highlighted below (Gilders et. al., 2016). FBT payable by the employer = Expense borne by employer * Rate of FBT * Gross up factor Again the value of gross of factor would essentially be driven by the presence or absence of GST on the underlying goods. Car Parking Fringe Benefit The car parking fringe benefits are extended when certain conditions outlined in the tax ruling TR96/26 are satisfied These include that duration of car parking must be for atleast four hours and lie between morning 7 am and evening 7 am. Also, the parking benefits are extended to car controlled by the employee on account of the employment. Further, it is also necessary that this place of car parking must be in close proximity of the employment primary place. Also, section 39A, FBTAA levies additional two conditions for the realisation of the car parking benefits. One condition is that the venue of car parking must lie within a radius of 1km in respect of the employers car park provided (CCH, 2013). Also, the lowest fee for parking must exceed the annual threshold value which amounts to $ 8.48 for the FBT year ending on March 31, 2017 as per TD 2016/17 (Barkoczy, 2017). While based on the extent and type of data available, various methods can be used to compute the car parking fringe benefits, but the one relevant to the given situation is the market value approach based on which the following formula is valid (Woellner, 2014). Car Parking Fringe Benefit Taxable Value = Car parking market value Contribution from employee FBT payable by the employer = Car Parking Fringe Benefit Taxable Value * Rate of FBT * Gross up factor Application Car Fringe Benefit The car owned by company was parked at Charlies own garage and hence, it can be said that Charlie can utilize the car. It is apparent from this fact that employer Shine Homes Pty Ltd has provided car to its employee Charlie for personal utilization. Hence, the fringe benefits liability would be applicable on the part of Shine Homes Pty Ltd. The computation of car fringe benefits tax liability is highlighted below: Date at which car (Sedan) has provided to Charlie = September 1, 2016 Value of car = $70,000 The total number of days on which the car has been used by Charlie i.e. from September 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017 = 212 days Deduction in private usage would be made for the 2 week spent in workshop in February but not for 2 days during Christmas as the former was major repair and latter was regular service. Annual private usage during FBT year ending on March 31, 2017 = 212 14 = 198 days Taxable value as per statutory formula method = = 70000*0.20*(198/365) = $ 7,594.52 The same also needs to be determined in accordance with the operating cost method so as to allow the employer to choose the better option. Operating cost borne by company during private usage = 5500*7 (Petrol Repairs) + 240*(7/12) (Registration)+ 960*(7/12) (Insurance) = $ 39,200 Taxable value as per operating cost method = 39200*0.3 (Extent of private use) = $ 11,760 The statutory method is the better method as it results in lower FBT related tax outflow for the company, FBT payable by the employer (Car Fringe Benefit) = 7594.52*0.49*2.1463 = $ 7,987.06 Expense Related Fringe Benefit The employer has spent the money on the following two. Hiring a car in the week of marriage for Charlie ($1,000) Paying for honeymoon accommodation ($ 3,000) It is apparent that the above are expense of personal type which ought to be spent by Charlie himself. Hence, the payment of these constitutes a expense related fringe benefit for which the company would have to pay FBT. The computation in this regards is highlighted below. FBT payable by the employer (Expense Related Fringe Benefit) = (3000+1000)*0.49* 2.1463 = $ 4,206.75 Car Parking Fringe Benefit Based on the given facts, it is apparent that the employer is provided car park by a third party to the employee Charlie who uses the company owned car for private purposes. Also considering the $ 200 weekly charge, it is evident that the rate per day is significantly higher than the applicable value which is acting as the threshold for the FBT year ending on March 31, 2017. Considering the weekly parking charges of $ 200, the benefit has been extended for 28 weeks leading to a taxable value of $ 5,600. FBT payable by the employer (Car Parking Fringe Benefit) = 5600 * 0.49 * 2.1463= $ 5,889.45 Conclusion In line with the discussion of relevant law and the computations performed, it is apparent that total FBT liability to the tune of $ 18,083. 26 (i.e. 5889.45+ 4206.75 + 7987.06) is payable by the employer while Charlie has no tax liability arising on account of the events highlighted. References Statutes Tax Rulings Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act, 1986 (Cth) TR 96/26 TD 2016/17 Books Barkoczy,S. (2017), Foundation of Taxation Law 2017 (9thedition), North Ryde: CCH Publications CCH (2013), Australian Master Tax Guide 2013 (51st edition), Sydney: Wolters Kluwer Deutsch, R., Freizer, M., Fullerton, I., Hanley, P., and Snape, T. (2016), Australian tax handbook (8th edition), Pymont: Thomson Reuters, Gilders, F., Taylor, J., Walpole, M., Burton, M. and Ciro, T. (2016), Understanding taxation law 2016 (9th edition), Sydney: LexisNexis/Butterworths. Sadiq, K, Coleman, C, Hanegbi, R, Jogarajan, S, Krever, R, Obst, W, and Ting, A (2016) ,Principles of Taxation Law 2016 (8th edition), Pymont: Thomson Reuters Woellner, R (2014), Australian taxation law 2014 (7th edition), North Ryde: CCH Australia

Writing Samples

Writing SamplesWriteplacer Essay samples are an important part of the writing process for people who are studying English. The average college student has a lot of very bad experiences in their lives because of their English writing abilities, and it is usually these students who do not even try to do well in English. It is simply amazing how many students are like this, so it is no wonder why the College Board is doing all they can to help students get the highest possible results in their English writing skills.When you do well in an English essay, you will see your grades soar and it will be hard for anyone to doubt your ability. You will find it hard to let others down, which is so important when you are a college student. So how does one get the best English writing samples? The key is using the right English writing samples.You need to know that there are two different types of writing samples. The first is an official written assignment, the second is an informal essay. That i s the type of writing samples you should use when you are in college.However, if you are planning on getting an English writing sample from the world of publishing, you should do well in the writing samples. This is the type of writing samples you should use when you are a teacher. Again, the college students will not have the same level of teaching experience as the publishing students, so it is important that you be familiar with the writing samples you have.What is the best writing samples for students? Well, you can think about writing essays in a college class where the professor is reading his or her class papers and assigning homework and the rest of the class makes up their own assignments, as well as the homework. This is probably the best writing samples for students because the college students don'tneed to worry about the other students copying their work and they get to concentrate on reading their own essays.However, if you are going to look at online writing samples, you will have to understand that they are actually not as good as the writing samples you would get from the college students. You might see these online writing samples, but you are not likely to see as many details as you would in the college settings. Many of the writing samples online are just things like flash cards.These are the best writing samples for students because they do not require much thought. You should get your students to put the writing samples together at the beginning of class, after reading the assignment, and the last thing you want to do is spend time on something you know your students won't be able to do. Instead, just use the essay samples from the college essay writing guide to teach them how to create a coherent essay and make sure you are giving them all the time in the world to write an interesting, original essay.

Developing Research Question and Hypothesis

Developing a Research Question At the beginning of every research, specific research questions should be clarified before a data collection process. By making a specific scientific inquiry, the research acquires its thematic focus. However, before a research question is refined, it is imperative to define what type of research is engaged, as well as what kind of variables are involved into the scientific exploration.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Research Question and Hypothesis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, there are two types of research – descriptive and exploratory. In order to focus on a descriptive research, several aspects should be discussed (De Vaus, 2002). First, time frames of interest must be defined to narrow the focus of research. Second, geographic location of interest should be highlighted, as well as patterns and features of the chosen groups within this location (De Vaus, 2002). Finally, once location and time are defined, it is necessary to define the topic limits of the research. All these aspects build a starting point of the research and focus on a particular problem in a broader context. When exploratory research is concerned, the emphasis should be placed on the analysis of causes and effects (De Vaus, 2002). The second step will involve enumeration of the sequence of cause-and-effect lines that fit the topic. Third, it is strongly suggested to look through previous researches to find out what other scholars have introduced, as well as what implications they defined for further research (De Vaus, 2002). Using limitations and implications can allow to build a foundation for a new topic of research. Overall, descriptive research is less sophisticated than exploratory and, therefore, it influences the development of research questions. Thus, descriptive research questions focus on describing an event whereas exploratory research questions i nvolve a synthesis of factors that are interrelated and influence each other. Developing a Hypothesis A research question formulation is more typical of qualitative research where observations and surveys will give answers to a specific problem. In contrast, a hypothesis aims either to accept or to reject the thesis. At the early stage of research design, a tentative assumption is defined, which is called the null hypothesis and is traditionally denoted H0 (Anderson et al., 2011). While formulating the above-presented hypotheses, the importance of situational context is incredible because it affects further procedures of sample collection (Anderson et al., 2011). Apart from the actual procedures of hypotheses development, two important questions should be posed. Specifically, the researcher should clearly identify the purpose of the sample collection, as well as predict the desirable conclusion that can be reached while defining the hypothesis.Advertising Looking for essay on e ducation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While defining both types of hypotheses, it is not necessarily to follow the established succession. In certain situations, it is more reasonable to develop an alternative hypothesis and formulate the null hypothesis and vice versa. Because null hypothesis challenges the alternative one, which is the opposition to the former, the outcome should withdraw one assumption and accept another (Anderson et al., 2011). Therefore, both hypotheses are mutually exclusive. Narrowing Down the Focus of Research Questions and Hypotheses Refining the scope of a research question is a daunting task. Because data collection should be initiated, the research question should be flexible, but further exploration will require specificity (Kirby et al., 2006). This stage of focusing and narrowing should be connected with the strategies to define the topic that would captivate the audience and advance the research process. In this respect, the research question should relate to the research scope, but it should be too specific that makes it difficult to answer (Kirby et al., 2006). A question should invite the scholar to search information so as it is easy to define which keywords should be used to direct the research. Further, a question should be connected to the existing experiences of a researcher. Finally, the research question should correspond with the results, as well as resonate the community’s concerns (Kirby et al., 2006). The actuality and relevancy of the research question will help the researcher to find out the actual value of the scientific exploration. The research questions can both address qualitative and quantitative concerns. For instance, it is possible to ask what percentage of population has a certain experience in apposition to the one who lack such (Kirby et al., 2006). Alternatively, the research question can fin out the nature of experience and certain patt erns of behavior that are influenced under a new program or innovation. Focusing on the scope of a research hypothesis, specific topic should be highlighted. For instance, in case the topic is consumer behavior, it is purposeful to first define the percentage of women buying a specific product, as well as the number of males involved in buying a specific product (Panneerselvam, 2004). Further, income level should also be introduced to define how it influences the distribution of buying capacity. As soon as all these interaction have been detected, a null hypothesis can be defined. For example, the null hypothesis will be females buy cosmetics more frequent than males where the alternative hypothesis female do not buy cosmetics more frequent than males.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Research Question and Hypothesis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., and Willi ams, T. A. (2011). Statistics for Business and Economics. US: Cengage Learning. De Vaus, D. A. (2002). Surveys in Social Research. US: Routledge. Kirby, S. L., Greaves, L., and Reid, C. (2006). Experience Research Social Change: Methods beyond the Mainstream. Canada: University of Toronto. Panneerselvam, R. (2004). Research Methodology. US: PHI Learning. This essay on Developing Research Question and Hypothesis was written and submitted by user Lewis Kane to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.